Thursday, December 10, 2015

Vocabulary words to know!




  • Tolerance: The failure to mount an immune response to an antigen. 
Tolerance is a good thing because it does not attack the body's own proteins and other antigens.




  • Allergens: A substance that causes an allergic response.
          Common allergens include pollen, grass, dust, and some medications.



  • Effector Cells: A short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response.
Effector cells like effector B cells are able to secrete antibodies.


Works Cited:
http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/a/allergy.asp?addtocart=yes&catref=gra071015&artistadd=guy%20and%20rodd
http://www.jci.org/articles/view/14142/figure/2
http://geekymedics.com/immune-response/





Saturday, December 5, 2015

Antibodies




  • Neutralization: The ability of antibodies to block the sites of bacteria or viruses so they cannot enter the target cell.
          Neutralization can be used against microbes and toxins.


  • Opsonization: The process when opsonins coat the bacteria/virus to make sure that the Fc receptor on a phagocytic cell is able to bind.
           Opsonization helps initiate the process of phagocytosis. 


  • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC): The killing of an antibody coated cell without using phagocytosis.
          ADCC cells include natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils.



https://s3.amazonaws.com/lowres.cartoonstock.com/food-drink-hormone-chocolate-choc-neutralize-scientist-aban1593_low.jpg

https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/101/flashcards/2224101/jpg/opsonization1358979561764.jpg

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK_1HxYj9g4YFpmEYhhhrRJMiLEb3KW1U4LwFu4GOPk6N_uRnjhXyHF6ce-UD0j9ah6UqNU-oMgqhSHMDL6oY0Tkj_2fKVVRoRFrV8EOtxRVZ6t01ofNDTr4faDSQ0EXrOtehkxOHA1FbN/s1600/ADCC.jpg

Monday, November 23, 2015

Vocabulary :)




Cytokines: Substances like interferons, interleukins, and growth factors that can be secreted from immune cells.

Cytokines are secreted to effect other cells.

Effector Cells: Cells are activated in an immune response which can help secrete antibodies and activate T cells.

Specific B cells (Effector) and T cells (cytotoxic and helper) are types of effector cells.

Chemokine Receptors: Receptors that are found on the surface of cells that interact with chemokines.

Mammals have at least 20 chemokine receptors.




                                                            Works Cited Page:

  • http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2013/459520.fig.001.jpg




Saturday, November 14, 2015

Vocabulary


Antigent-Presentation: A process in the immune system that enables cells like macrophages and dendritic cells to present the captured antigens to the T cells.

The cells that are involved in antigen-presentation allow T cells to know that there are antigens in the body.




Humoral Immunity: Immunity when antibodies that are produced by plasma B cells in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes.

Humoral Immunity has to do with the killing of specific pathogens.


Cell Mediated Immunity: Immunity when phagocytes and antigen-specific cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes are activated. Cytokines are also released because of the antigen.

Cell Mediated Immunity does not involve antibodies.



Works Cited:

 http://immense-immunology-insight.blogspot.com/2013/10/question-antigen-presenting-cells.html
http://microbiologyme.blogspot.com/2012/12/humoral-immunity-its-funny.html


Sunday, November 8, 2015

Immunology Vocabulary




Immunoglobulins: Classes of proteins that are produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes. They function as antibodies by latching onto foreign substances and assist in destroying them.

Immunoglobulins can be separated into five classes that have very different functions.

Passive Immunization: A type of immunization that involves transferring antibodies from an immune individual to a healthy individual.

Passive Immunization is used when the mother passes certain antibodies to her offspring.

Active Immunization: When immunity is provided to a person who has been in contact with the antigen. The recipient is forced to make antibodies for that antigen.

Active immunization comes with risks, some patients may not be able to produce antibodies against the antigen. 






Works Cited: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/immunoglobulin
http://www.wausaudailyherald.com/story/opinion/2015/02/08/vaccinations-vaccines-sean-duffy-parents-public-health/23071955/

Sunday, October 25, 2015

Investigating Vaccinations





                                                             Investigating Vaccinations


            In class, we learned about different ways people try to get vaccinated. Currently, immunizations are given through shots. The serum contains dead or almost dead viruses that cause the disease. In "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Vaccinations" by , it says that once people contract smallpox and survive, they are immune to this disease. This talks about various other diseases, why it's important to get vaccinated, and what specific vaccines should be taken. It also talks about variolation. This is when some people would take infected material (secretions) from a person with a disease and rub it on a healthy person, hoping that the healthy person would become sick. They thought that contracting a disease from a sick person like this would be easier to deal with. This was a way of immunization for the Variola virus. The only problem about doing something like this is, the healthy individual is also able to contract whatever other diseases the sick person has. For example, if the donor of the infected sample has tuberculosis, there is a high chance that the healthy person can also contract this disease. Even though that the chances of people contracting diseases were high, variolation significantly lowered the death rate of small pox in those days. 

         Now that we know what the common method of vaccinating people back in the day was, it is also important to see which immunizations are important for certain people. In the website "The History of Vaccines", there is an article that gives a long list of vaccinations and who should be taking them. The site mainly talks about vaccinations. Any topic that relates to vaccines is found on the site. This article also talks about the certain virus or bacteria that causes the disease. For example, anyone who has been born after 1980 is required to get vaccinated for chickenpox (varicella). Anyone who does not provide proper records for immunizations should be vaccinated. This is crucial because this is highly contagious. Adults who do not have a good immune system are at risk. All the vaccines listed are ones that are highly common these days. 

Reading both of these materials really did help me getter a better understanding of the whole immunization process and how diverse these viruses are. None of the materials portrayed being biased. Being able to see a list portrays how we can never be fully immune to every single virus. Doing everything we can to stay healthy is crucial. 




Works Cited: Smith, Michael Joseph., and Laurie Bouck. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Vaccinations. New York: Alpha, 2009. Print.
"Vaccines for Adults." History of Vaccines RSS. N.p., 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2015.
http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/vaccines-adults
http://www.stowetoday.com/stowe_reporter/opinion/letters_to_the_editor/vaccination-cartoon-disturbing-inaccurate/article_75c173f6-63ae-11e1-ad84-0019bb2963f4.html

Sunday, October 18, 2015

Encounter




                                             Encounter with Immunology



          It is that time of year again!! Everywhere you look, you see people are sneezing, coughing, and having all that good stuff to share with everyone. It's flu season so people are also getting vaccinated. I work at a doctors office and I see patients that come in for their flu shots. These patients are getting their shots so they won't have to get sick this season. The flu shots contain the killed or highly weakened organism that produces immunity in our bodies against that organism. The fact that people have to get this shot every season is because the virus mutates and so they need the new shot that produces antibodies for the new virus. It is pretty cool how viruses are able to change themselves and mutate but not cool for the person who is infected. Every single day, our body comes in contact with so many viruses and bacteria. Our immune systems work so hard everyday to keep our bodies healthy. I thought this was highly appropriate for my immunology class after we learned about vaccines and how the body reacts to antigens.  


Works Cited: https://www.offthemark.com/cartoons/immunology